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Tutorial: Make your first Git commit

This tutorial will teach you a little bit about how Git works. It walks you through the steps of creating your own project, editing a file, and committing changes to a Git repository from the command line.

When you're done, you'll have a project where you can practice using Git.

Before you begin

What is Git?

Before we jump into steps, let's go over some basic Git concepts.

Git is a version control system. It's used to track changes to files.

You store files, like code or documents, in a Git repository. When you want to edit the files, you clone the repository to your computer, make the changes, and push your changes back to the repository. In GitLab, a Git repository is located in a project.

Each time you push a change, Git records it as a unique commit. These commits make up the history of when and how a file changed, and who changed it.

%%{init: { "fontFamily": "GitLab Sans" }}%%
graph LR
    accTitle: Repository commit history
    accDescr: Flowchart showing linear changes to a repository history

    subgraph Repository commit history
    direction LR
    A(Author: Alex<br>Date: 3 Jan at 1PM<br>Commit message: Added sales figures<br> Commit ID: 123abc12) --->  B
    B(Author: Sam<br>Date: 4 Jan at 10AM<br>Commit message: Removed old info<br> Commit ID: aabb1122) ---> C
    C(Author: Zhang<br>Date: 5 Jan at 3PM<br>Commit message: Added invoices<br> Commit ID: ddee4455)
    end

When you work in a Git repository, you work in branches. By default, the contents of a repository are in a default branch. To make changes, you:

  1. Create your own branch, which is a snapshot of the default branch at the time you create it.
  2. Make changes and push them to your branch. Each push creates a commit.
  3. When you're ready, merge your branch into the default branch.
%%{init: { "fontFamily": "GitLab Sans" }}%%
flowchart LR
    accTitle: Use branches in Git
    accDescr: The flow of creating, then using, a branch in Git

    subgraph Default branch
    A[Commit] --> B[Commit] --> C[Commit] --> D[Commit]
    end
    subgraph My branch
    B --1. Create my branch--> E(Commit)
    E --2. Add my commit--> F(Commit)
    F --3. Merge my branch to default--> D
    end

If this all feels a bit overwhelming, hang in there. You're about to see these concepts in action.

Steps

Here's an overview of what we're going to do:

  1. Create a sample project.
  2. Clone the repository.
  3. Create a branch and make your changes.
  4. Commit and push your changes.
  5. Merge your changes.
  6. View your changes in GitLab.

Create a sample project

To start, create a sample project in GitLab.

  1. In GitLab, on the left sidebar, at the top, select Create new ({plus}) and New project/repository.
  2. For Project name, enter My sample project. The project slug is generated for you. This slug is the URL you can use to access the project after it's created.
  3. Ensure Initialize repository with a README is selected. How you complete the other fields is up to you.
  4. Select Create project.

Clone the repository

Now you can clone the repository in your project. Cloning a repository means you're creating a copy on your computer, or wherever you want to store and work with the files.

  1. On your project's overview page, in the upper-right corner, select Code, then copy the URL for Clone with SSH.

    Clone a project with SSH

  2. Open a terminal on your computer and go to the directory where you want to clone the files.

  3. Enter git clone and paste the URL:

    git clone [email protected]:gitlab-example/my-sample-project.git

  4. Go to the directory:

    cd my-sample-project

  5. By default, you've cloned the default branch for the repository. Usually this branch is main. To be sure, get the name of the default branch:

    git branch

    The branch you're on is marked with an asterisk. Press Q on your keyboard to return to the main terminal window.

Create a branch and make changes

Now that you have a copy of the repository, create your own branch so you can work on your changes independently.

  1. Create a new branch called example-tutorial-branch.

    git checkout -b example-tutorial-branch

  2. In a text editor like Visual Studio Code, Sublime, vi, or any other editor, open the README.md file and add this text:

    Hello world! I'm using Git!

  3. Save the file.

  4. Git keeps track of changed files. To confirm which files have changed, get the status.

    git status

    You should get output similar to the following:

    On branch example-tutorial-branch
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified:   README.md

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

Commit and push your changes

You've made changes to a file in your repository. Now it's time to record those changes by making your first commit.

  1. Add the README.md file to the staging area. The staging area is where you put files before you commit them.

    git add README.md

  2. Confirm the file is staged:

    git status

    You should get output similar to the following, and the filename should be in green text.

    On branch example-tutorial-branch
Changes to be committed:
(use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
modified:   README.md

  3. Now commit the staged file, and include a message that describes the change you made. Make sure you surround the message in double quotes (").

    git commit -m "I added text to the README file"

  4. The change has been committed to your branch, but your branch and its commits are still only available on your computer. No one else has access to them yet. Push your branch to GitLab:

    git push origin example-tutorial-branch

Your branch is now available on GitLab and visible to other users in your project.

Branches dropdown list

Merge your changes

Now you're ready to merge the changes from your example-tutorial-branch branch to the default branch (main).

  1. Check out the default branch for your repository.

    git checkout main

  2. Merge your branch into the default branch.

    git merge example-tutorial-branch

  3. Push the changes.

    git push

NOTE: For this tutorial, you merge your branch directly to the default branch for your repository. In GitLab, you typically use a merge request to merge your branch.

View your changes in GitLab

You did it! You updated the README.md file in your branch, and you merged those changes into the main branch.

Let's look in the UI and confirm your changes. Go to your project.

  • Scroll down and view the contents of the README.md file. Your changes should be visible.

  • Above the README.md file, view the text in the Last commit column. Your commit message is displayed in this column:

    Commit message

Now you can return to the command line and change back to your personal branch (git checkout example-tutorial-branch). You can continue updating files or creating new ones. Type git status to view the status of your changes and commit with abandon.

Don't worry if you mess things up. Everything in Git can be reverted, and if you find you can't recover, you can always create a new branch and start again.

Nice work.

Find more Git learning resources